Roschfallen

Roschfallen, officially the Kingdom of Roschfallen (Portuguese: Reino de Roschfallen), is a enclaved micronation located in South America, completely surrounded by Brazil. At 2 square kilometers at the time of its foundation and with less then a square mile after the Treaty of Víden, Roschfallenian territory was divided into enclaves in the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro in three cities and now it's surrounded by the city of São Paulo. The former capital and the most-populated city was Triunphus. Portuguese is the sole official language. Its territory actually comprises a private residence, but at the time of its foundation included several buildings, alongside a vast unexplored natural area of Atlantic forest and a lagoon. Roschfallen was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the settlement in 1565 by Estácio de Sá, who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire as part of it's new colony of Brazil. Roschfallen remained part of Portuguse Brazil until independence was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of Brazil, which later became a presidential republic in 1889 following a military coup d'état. In 2014, Roschfallen was created as a micronational project, proclaiming its independence from Brazil and claiming its own private lands as the national territory. Roschallen's first constitution, formulated in 2015, was suspended in June 2019 through a coup d'état and substituted by a new one two months later defining the country as a feudal unitary semi-absolute monarchy. Roschfallen's economy is based on the added value of its properties, resources and profits. Roschfallen until 2015 had a fast growing economy, mainly based on services and exports of industrial goods. Roschfallen is a founding member of the former Liberal League, an international alliance that brings together nations with liberal policies. Citizenship can be acquired by simply living in one of its territories.

Etimology
The name "Roschfallen" is a German surname of a legendary warrior named "Lord Karl Vissen Roschfallen" from the national folklore. According to the myth, Lord Vissen, as he was called, was a Prussian Baron who emigrated to the former territory of Roschfallen, establishing himself in the mountain region. Bearer of mental diseases, the baron proclaimed himself Lord of Roschfallen, proclaiming the independence of his 1.5 kilometers lands. The derivation of the name comes from the medieval Low-Saxon, meaning fallen stone. Before the proclamation of independence, the members involved in the creation of the new micronation decided to adopt the name Roschfallen for aesthetic reasons in return for the name of indigenous origin that baptized the territories of the nation. Between 28 January and 16 February 2014, the country was officially called the Principality of Roschfallen until its reorganization into a Grand Duchy and its return to the previous Princely state in 2018. In 2019, facing a coup, the country was renamed as a Dominion, and following a treaty, it was renamed again a Kingdom, a designation that oersists to this day. The new constitution also stipulates that the name of the country be officially treated in documents such as the most serene: The Most Serene Kingdom of the Lands of Roschfallen.

Foundation
On 28 January 2014, the now King Arthur I of Roschfallen established the Throne of Roschfallen, declaring the private property of his family in the Brazilian cities of Rio de Janeiro, Magé and Saquarema as a Principality independent from the Federative Republic of Brazil. The first year of Roschfallen's existence were plagued by uncertainty and political instability, but the Grand Duke was able to maintain order and develop the realm. An elective absolute Monarchy in the beggining, the country became a hereditary semi-parliamentary monarchy with the Roschfallenian constitution of 2015. Founded as a Principality, the country soon became a Grand Duchy - only to return to be a Principality - when the former Grand Diet proclaimed Arthur, then Prince of Roschfallen as Grand Duke in 16 February 2014, conferring on him full powers. In the following months the political structure of Roschfallen was created based on the structure of the Holy Roman Empire, with the state divided into several duchies under the suzerainty of the current Prince, following the basic laws of state. In 30 April 2014, Lord Thales Fernandes was named the first Captain Regent of Roschfallen, as a co-Head of Government. Together with the Grand Duke, they had appointed the first ministerial cabinet. The monarch was solely responsible for appointing the judiciary officials; The Captain Regent was responsible for structuring the ministries; And both made the first legal appointments to the Grand Diet. In July 2014, the Diet was renamed "Council of Fools" as a way of representing the participation of the people in the national policy of the nobles. During this period a national aristocracy was created. In this first year, the power of the aristocracy took uncontrollable proportions to the government; the aristocrats and rulers of the federal states pressed for a democratic election to the title and rank of Grand Duke. Fearing to lose his power, the Grand Duke canceled the constituent project and issued a new constitution instituting Roschfallen as a hereditary monarchy and reformulating the system of government with the semi-parliamentary facade, while the Grand Duke still retained absolute powers over a politically controlled parliament, restricting the autonomy of the federal states and the power of their monarchs.

Consolidation
As of August 2015, with national policy stabilized, the national economy started to grow again, despite the strong economic crisis affecting the neighboring nation. The Roschfallenian government expanded its territory with the annexation of the region of the current Avalon Department through a process of possession in the Brazilian justice system through an indemnity in the amount of US$10.000 dollars. The region comprising the Gros Morne Condominuium was expanded with the annexation of 200m² of uninhabited land, and thanks to increasing economic development, the region was severely revitalized and urbanized with the construction of new and modern buildings. In 12 October 2015, a new Constitution come to effect. Well established, the central government had defined an international policy of mutual recognition among South American micronations to be followed up to the new year. In 14 January 2016, the Empire of Schneeblutig became the first micronation to recognize the independence and sovereignty of Roschfallen through a treaty of mutual recognition. Through the treaty, Emperor Petar I of the House of Karvalho granted the then Grand Duke Arthur of Roschfallen the courtesy title of Prince of Schneeblutig. International relations were established with other micronations such as the Sultanate of Harran and the Kingdom of Manso. During this period there was a large population increase with a constant flow of Brazilian, Portuguese and Argentinian immigrants who came to the country seeking residence or professional opportunities. All were naturalized citizens of Roschfallen, according to article 5 of the Constitution.

Contemporary Era
In August 2016, with the repercussion of the Brazilian political crisis and the positive reaction of the market, Roschfallen continued to thrive until December, as changes made in the economic policy of its neighbor caused exaltation and uncertainty about the directions of the Brazilian economy, consequently the crisis reached Roschfallen in full, causing a slight but slow economic recession. This very year, in November, the Council of Fools voted and passed a constitutional amendment that drastically enlarged the monarch's power. Faced with the economic problems, the Prince prostrated himself for the sake of helpfulness, giving his all to help to face the turbulent period for which the nation passed. Protests erupted throughout Rochfallen against the economic policy of then Minister of Finance Carlos Manoel dos Santos. Pressed by the population and parliament, the minister was fired from his post and was appointed to replace him the then-Administrator of the capital, Reynald Loss. Loss was able to soften the effects of the crisis on the national economy through a more liberal economic policy, opening the market to foreign capital and making necessary and valuable investments that yielded 100% profits to the national economy. Roschfallen was only able to completely get out of the economic crisis in July 2017 when it began receiving the first profits from the acquisition and expansion of its Western territory. Between December 2017 and January 2018, the country underwent serious administrative reforms to cut spending and soften bureaucracy. Since then, for example, the positions of Lord Speaker of the House and High Inquisitor have been vacant. In February 2018, negotiations began with the Karno-Ruthenian government for the incorporation of the then Grand Duchy to the Karno-Ruthenian Empire. On February 28, Karnia-Ruthenia recognized the independence and sovereignty of Roschfallen. This same month, the Grand Duke and current Prince was invited to occupy the charge of Minister of the Imperial and Royal House of Karnia-Ruthenia by Emperor Oscar I, which was accepted bringing great honor and salutes to all across the nation. On 20 August 2018, the country underwent a structural and administrative reform and returned to the status of Principality, rather the Grand Duchy, making the Grand Duke, Prince again. This formula was kept until 6 June 2019, when, facing a political crisis, the then Sovereign Prince proclaimed himself as Lord and reorganized the state into an autocracy. After the turmoil, both the monarch and the aristocracy reached an agreeents by the Treaty of Acquitane, which created a new constitution proclaiming the country a Kingdom under a semi-absolute monarchy, claiming the Antarctican territory of Marie Byrd Land.

Treaty of Víden
On 27 June 2021, the rulers of Roschfallen, Ebenthal and Karnia-Ruthenia met in order to discuss their goals in micronationalism. While Ebenthal and Karnia-Ruthenia enjoyed a moment of expansion, Roschfallen was in collapse, with citizens leaving, the government in a hiatus that lasted for barely two years and almost no expression in foreign affairs. Considering the lack of will of Fernando I in keep ruling and how Roschfallen was under Ebenthali influence, an agreement was made: Fernando would abdicate to the Throne, finishing his two-year reign. The cost of this change of sphere of influence was the independence of the Lateran State,Sta that would eventually fall in the Ebenthali sphere of influence, while Roschfallen would join the Conference of Santiago and the Imperial Circle, and Fernando would act as Regent until the election of the new ruler. Even the territory would suffer a dramatic change - it was the first time the Nomadic Micronation Theory was used in Karno-Ruthenian affairs and, as result, the location of the kingdom changed from Rio de Janeiro to São Paulo, abandoning the claim to Gros Morne, Seine Oceanic, Avalon, Iriland, Menoram and the capital, Triunphus. The motivation behind the Karno-Ruthenian interests in Roschfallen was to secure a royal status to the family of her future consort, who should have to be from noble background due the provisions of the House Law of the Karno-Ruthenian Imperial Family. However, with the prestigious union of Oscar I to Infanta Maria Isabel Haiane of the United Provinces of Mauritia, this was no longer necessary, but the treaty was already completed, leaving the throne vacant for more time then expected by all signatoires, prolonging the time of Fernando in power. Despite initial talks in order to place Archduchess Alice of Karnia in the Roschfallenian throne under the protection of Karnia-Ruthenia, Oscar I promptly dismissed the idea, since his daughter was "too young being just seven years-old" and "unaware of the responsabilities that a Crown may bring". On 20 November 2021, Fernando Degani finally left his position of Head of State, and became Protector for life of Roschfallen, a cerimonial title. The throne remained vacant, but the executive powers were vested on Benjamin Azoulay, Brazilian micronationalist with Réunion background.

Geography
Roschfallen was first located on the far western part of a strip of South America's Atlantic coast, enclaved in the cities of Rio de Janeiro, Magé and Saquarema), close to the Tropic of Capricorn, where the shoreline is oriented east–west, and only share land borders with Brazil. It also encompassed a number of oceanic tiny islands, such as Bacaxá Rocks, Our Lady Rocks, and Jaconé Island. Its size, relief, climate, and natural resources make Roschfallen geographically simple, with Atlantic forests and a Subtropical climate. With a total area of 2.1 Km², Roschfallen spanned only one time zone, the UTC−3, and the summet time zone UTC−2. Roschfallenian topography was also diverse and includes hills, mountains, plains, highlands, and scrublands. Much of the terrain lied between 200 metres and 400 metres. The northern region of the country was rugged, with a complex mass of ridges and mountains that were natural borders with Brazil. Roschfallen has a simple but vast aquifer system, being bathed by an immense lagoon of salt water and by the sea in the eastern region. Besides that, from 21 August 2019 until 29 June 2021, Roschfallen also claimed the Antarctican territory of Marie Byrd Land. This claimed were dropped when King Fernando I of Roschfallen signed the Treaty of Víden, reorganizing the national territory, transferred to São Paulo.

Climate
The climate of Roschfallen comprises a wide range of weather conditions across a large area and varied topography, but most of the country is w:. According to the Köppen system, Roschfallen hosts three major climatic subtypes: tropical, oceanic and subtropical. The different climatic conditions produce environments ranging from tropical rainforests in the east and subtropical vegetation in the west, to temperate coniferous forests in the north. Many regions have starkly different microclimates. The country experiences hot, humid summers, and mild, wet winters. In inland areas of the city, temperatures above 40°C (104°F) are common during the summer, though rarely for long periods, while maximum temperatures above 27°C (81°F) can occur on a monthly basis. Along the coast, the breeze, blowing onshore and offshore, moderates the temperature. Because of its geographic situation, the country is often reached by cold fronts advancing from Antarctica, especially during autumn and winter, causing frequent weather changes. In summer there can be strong rains, which have on some occasions provoked catastrophic floods and landslides. The mountainous areas register greater rainfall since they constitute a barrier to the humid wind that comes from the Atlantic.

Government and politics
The form of government is that of an absolute monarchy with and unitary state. The King is both head of state and head of government of the nation and his position is hereditary. The King may appointt the Captain Regent to led the also appointed by the King Ministers of State, who assist in government. Legislative power is exercised through the High Council of Roschfallen, the national unicameral consultative legislature, under the approval of the King. The High Council also holds jurisdictional powers. Roschfallen is an autocracy, according to the Micronational Democracy Index 2010 parameters. The Roschfalleanian Unity was the "indissoluble union" of the departments, condominium and the capital district. The unity was set on five fundamental principles: submission, citizenship, dignity of human beings, the social values of labor and freedom of enterprise, and political control. The branches of government (executive, legislative and judicial under a checks and balances system) were formally established by the Constitution, mostly centralized into the King. The executive is organized independently in all three spheres of government, while the judiciary and the legislative are organized only at the national unitary sphere. All members of the auxiliar legislative branch, the High Council, are directly appointed by the King. Judges and other judicial officials were appointed after passing entry exams. For most of its history, Roschfallen has no popular elections. National politics was divided into 5 parties: the Liberal Party, Conservative Party, Progressive Party, Labor Party and Green Party. The former Republican Party was outlawed in 2016 after a vote of the Council of Fools has approved a constitutional amendment that drastically extends the power of the monarch and by 2021, no political party was active.

Law
Roschfalleanischen law was based on Roman-Germanic traditions and civil law concepts prevail over common law practice. Most of Roschfallenian law is codified, although non-codified statutes also represent a substantial part, playing a complementary role. Court decisions set out interpretive guidelines; however, they are seldom binding on other specific cases. Doctrinal works and the works of academic jurists have strong influence in law creation and in law cases. The Inquisitional Court of Roschfallen served primarily as the Constitutional Court of the country. The legal system was based on the National Constitution, which was promulgated on 12 October 2015 and suspended in 6 June 2019, and was the fundamental law of Roschfallen. All other legislation and court decisions must conform to its rules. The minor states had their own basic laws, which must not contradict the National Constitution. Departments and the Private Hold Capital had "organic laws", which act in a similar way to constitutions. Legislative entities were the main source of statutes, although in certain matters judiciary and executive bodies may enact legal norms. Jurisdiction was administered by the judiciary entities, although in rare situations the National Constitution allowed the Council of Fools to pass on legal judgments. There awee also specialized military, labor and political courts. The highest court was the Inquisitional Court.

Military
The armed forces of Roschfallen consisted from 2014 to 2021 of the Royal Army (including the Army Aviation Command), the Royal Light Navy (including the Submarinist Corps and Naval Aviation), the Royal Air Force and the Royal Police. Numbering total 22 active personnel, being 12 members of the army, 8 members of the navy and 2 members of the Air Foce. The Royal Police was described as an ancillary forces of the Army by the constitution, but were under the control of the National Government. The Royal Army's main function was to protect the most isolated regions of the nation from external and internal threats; the Royal Light Navy's main function was to patrol the maritime borders and the Royal Air Force, the lesser Roschfallenian armed force, that consisted of three drones, was responsible for flying over and patrolling the country's airspace. Roschfallen has not been attacked since 2016, when Brazilians invaded the national territory illegaly. They were hunted and leave the country lands. Two of them were shot, and one was taken by the police. After the Treaty of Víden, the armed forces were abolished. Roschfallen is still served by the Brazilian Military Firefighters Corps.

Foreign policy
Roschfallens's international relations are based on Article 4 of the National Constitution, which establishes non-intervention, self-determination, international cooperation and coordenation and the peaceful settlement of conflicts as the guiding principles of Roschfallen's relationship with other micronations and multilateral organizations. According to the Constitution, the King has ultimate authority over foreign policy and is tasked with reviewing and considering all diplomatic nominations and international treaties, as well as legislation relating to Roschfalleanischen foreign policy. Roschfallen's foreign policy is a by-product of the country's unique position as a regional micronational power within the state of São Paulo and thanks to its liberal citizenship policy. Roschfalleniann foreign policy has generally been based on the principles of multilateralism, peaceful dispute settlement, and non-intervention in the affairs of other countries. Currently, Roschfallen is recognized as an independent and sovereign micronation by twenty sovereign micronations: Karnia-Ruthenia, Schneeblutig, Harran, Unx, Empire Arabic Empire, Acadeshia, Znatsnaz, Lorien, Alissonovia, Jandira, Rubrayev, Leontino, Mauricia, Bugolavia, Piratiní, Reunion, Escorvania, among others.

Administrative divisions
Roschfallen is a unitary state. Formally, it was composed of 5 Repartitions and 1 Private hold (The capital city, Triunphus) and 8 feudal holds, each one controlled by a noble - either a Duke or a Count. The repartitions were administrated by an appointed High Comissioner submissive to the King personally. Charge different tax rates, according to the social-economic differences in each state, which were sent to the central bank of Triunphus. The states have a administrator, called Captain and a legislative assistant council, appointed by the Captain. The capital district was personally ruled by the King. Roschfallen was divided into:


 * Gros Morne Repartition (North/Magé and Petrópolis): Gallar
 * Seine Oceanic Repartition (East/Saquarema): Lorencia
 * Avalon Repartition (West/Taquara and Praça Seca): Myrvallar; Ilesend
 * Iriland Repartition (South/Botafogo, Laranjeiras and Santa Teresa): Acquitane; Trovador; Iriland
 * Menoram Repartition (Exclave/Mary Byrd Land): N/A
 * Capital Hold (Central/Méier): Triunphus

After the Treaty of Víden, the kingdom became an unitary city-state.

Economy
Roschfallen total economy budget is about to R$ 1 million reais, being a considerable amount to a micronation. Roschfallen has a mixed economy with limited natural resources and a small common market. The Roschfallenian economy has been predicted grow in the next decades with the GDP per capita following and growing, provided that large investments in productivity gains are made to substitute the GDP growth of the last decade that is attributable to the increase in the number of people working, free market and government funds to the private sector. The country has been expanding its presence in intermicronational financial markets. With no national currency until 2021, Roschfallen used the Brazilian Real unofficially, which follows a manged-float monetary policy by the Central Bank of Brazil. The economy of Roschfallen succeeded due to the free-market and ordoliberal economic system adopted by the government interventionism in rare cases, in order to avoid interference to the national market. The laws of respect for the primary surplus has been respected since independence, although the country has gone through turbulent times in 2016. The higher expenses of Roschfallen economy are with infraestructure and security, followed by welfare, health and the environment. Spending on government manutention are minimal. The Government has invested heavily in modernizing its intitutions and apparatuses in key areas of invesiment.

Science and technology
Technological research in Roschfallen was largely carried out by the government in research institutes, with the majority of funding for basic research coming from the profits of its investments in the financial market. Roschfallen's most esteemed technological hubs were the Acer Institute, the Ovonel Institute, the Air Force's Aerospace Technical Center, the Gros Morne Agricultural Research Corporation and the Imperial Schneeblutigan Agency in Roschfallen, all left behind after the transfer of the kingdom to São Paulo. Most of its patrimony were assumed or transferred to the Kingdom of Ebenthal.

Transport
Roschfallenian roads are the primary carriers of freight and passenger traffic. All roads in Roschfallen are paved, with the first investments in road infrastructure dating back 2014, soon after the independence, by the Minister of Infrastructure of that time, Marcelo Penna. Roschfalleanian roads also handle substantial international traffic, connecting with cities in neighbouring Brazil. There is no annual registration fee or road tax; however, all Roschfallenian roads are privatized. The car market is dominated by Toyota, (57% of cars sold in Roschfallen as of 2016), Jeep (30%) and Renault (13%). Over 70% of new cars sold in 2016 had diesel engines, far more than contained petrol or LPG engines.

Health
The Roschfallenian public health system, the Public Health Service, is managed and provided by all levels of government by the Brazilian Unified Health System, whose services are extended to Roschfallen through a unilateral agreement. On the other hand, private healthcare systems play a major role. Public health services are universal and offered to all citizens of the country for free.

Education
According to the Roschfallenian Institute of Database and Estatistics (IRDE), in 2015, the literacy rate of the population was 96.0%, meaning that 3 people (4% of population) people are still illiterate in the country; functional illiteracy has reached 21.6% of the population. Illiteracy is highest in the Gros Morne Condominium, where 19.9% of the population is illiterate. Higher education starts with undergraduate or sequential courses, which may offer different options of specialization in academic or professional careers. Depending on the choice, students can improve their educational background with courses of post-graduate studies or broad sense. Attending an institution of higher education is required by Law of Guidelines and Bases of Education. Kindergarten, elementary and medium educations are required of all students, provided the student does not hold any disability, whether physical, mental, visual or hearing. As the territory of Roschfallen does not have space for the construction of an educational institution, the country has unilateral agreements with Brazil for the use of its educational system. Currently the university most frequented by Roschfallenians is Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, ranked 7th the best university in Latin America, according to QS World University Rankings.

Demographics
The population of Roschfallen, as recorded by the 2015 PNAD, was approximately 211 people, with a ratio of men to women of 0.95:1 and 85.64% of the population defined as urban. The population is heavily concentrated in the Northern (79 inhabitants) and Southern (55 inhabitants) regions, while the two most extensive regions, the North and the East, which together make up 60% of the Roschfallenian territory, have a total of only 83 inhabitants. The first census in Roschfallen was carried out in 2015 and recorded a population of 197 inhabitants. From 2015 to 2018, 12 Brazilians and 2 Portuguese arrived. Roschfallenian's population increased significantly between 2017 and 2018, because of a decline in the mortality rate, even though the birth rate underwent a slight decline. In the 2010s, the annual population growth rate was 2.4%, rising to 3.0% in the 2020s according estimatives and remaining at 2.9% in the 2025s, as life expectancy rose from 78 to 81 years and to 83 years in 2016. It has been steadily falling since the 2010s, from 3.04% per year between 2010 and 2015 to 1.05% in 2018 and is expected to fall to a negative value of –0.29% by 2050 thus completing the demographic transition. In 2018, the illiteracy rate was 0.48% and among the youth (ages 15–19) 0.02%. It was highest (9.30%) in the Northern, which had a large proportion of rural poor. Illiteracy was high (11.18%) among the rural population and lower (0.5%) among the urban population. By 2021, the numbers declined significantly.

Race and ethnicity
According to the National Research by Household Sample (PNAD) of 2015, 59% of the population described themselves as White; 35% as Mixed race; 5,5% as Black of different ethnicities; and 0,5% as Asian, mainly (99%) chinese. Since the arrival of the Portuguese in 1500, considerable miscegenation between local Amerindians and [w:European|Europeans]] has taken place in all regions of the country (with European ancestry being dominant nationwide according to the vast majority of all autosomal studies undertaken covering the entire population, accounting for between 90% to 98%). Roschfallenian society is more markedly divided by social class lines, although some income disparity is found between race groups, so racism and classism can be conflated. Socially significant closeness to one racial group is taken in account more in the basis of appearance (phenotypes) rather than ancestry, to the extent that full siblings can pertain to different "racial" groups. From the 19th century, Roschfallen opened its borders to immigration. Hundreds of people from over 10 countries migrated to Roschfallenian current territory between 1808 and 1972, most of them of Portuguese, German, Swiss, French, Chinese and Brazilian.

Religion
Roschfallen is religiously diverse, encompassing a wide range of beliefs and customs. Roschfallen has no official church, and the government is officially committed to religious secularism. Freedom of religion in Roschfallen is a constitutionally protected right, allowing individuals to assemble and worship without limitation or interference. The practice of religion is now generally considered a private matter throughout society and the state. According to the 2021 census, 97% of Roschfallenians identify as Christian, while 3% declared no religious affiliation.

Language
The official language of Roschfallen is Portuguese, which all of the population speaks and is practically the only language used in newspapers, radio, television, and for business and administrative purposes. The exception to this is the English, which was recognized as secondary and business language by the Kingdom of Roschfallen. In 2014 the Council of Fools legally recognized the use of the Brazilian Sign Language as official language to deaf people; the law was regulated in 2015. The law mandates the use of the Brazilian Sign Language, more commonly known by its Portuguese acronym LIBRAS, in education and government services. The language should be taught as a part of the curriculum and language and language pathology curriculum. LIBRAS teachers, instructors and translators are recognized professionals. Schools and health services should provide access ("inclusion") to deaf people.